Angiotensin blockade for diabetes: Monitor microalbuminuria?

John Muench, Carol Blenning, Dolores Zegar Judkins

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

Abstract

Our comprehensive literature search found no studies that provide direct evidence for or against continuing to monitor microalbuminuria among patients with diabetes already on ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy. We reviewed and included indirect evidence and expert opinion to answer this clinical question. Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the Western world. The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy continues to rise along with the rapidly rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes, with 40% of patients with diabetes at risk of developing nephropathy. One study that followed 5097 patients with type 2 diabetes over a median of 10.4 years found that 2% of patients progressed from normal levels of urinary protein to microalbuminuria; 2.8% changed from microalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria (urine albumin >300 mg in a 24-hour period); and 2.3% progressed to chronic renal disease (creatinine ≥2 mg/dL) from macroalbuminuria per year. Chronic renal disease is more likely to occur in those patients whose hypertension or hyperglycemia is poorly controlled. For patients with diabetes who develop microalbuminuria, the evidence is good for starting ACE inhibitors or ARBs for renal protection. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) also recommends that patients with diabetes and hypertension and those aged >55 years with other cardiovascular risk factors (history of cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, or tobacco use) be started on ACE inhibitors or ARBs. There is also good evidence that screening for microalbuminuria can identify those who might benefit from treatments that delay the onset of nephropathy. Recent studies have raised the possibility of further benefit in prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy by maximizing doses of ACE inhibitors or ARBs, and even from the dual blockade attained from using both. For example, during a 2-year trial-in which 590 patients with diabetes and microalbuminuria were randomized to receive placebo, 150 mg irbesartan, or 300 mg irbesartan-14.9% of the placebo group, 9.7% of the 150-mg group, and only 5.2% of the 300-mg group progressed to overt nephropathy. In very small randomized trial of 20 patients with type 2 diabetes, adding 16 mg of candesartan to the maximal dose of an ACE inhibitor decreased albuminuria an additional 28%. Experts argue that it may benefit patients to continue regular surveillance for the presence or progression of microalbuminuria even if they are already taking an ACE inhibitor or ARB so that therapy can be maximized. However, no direct evidence supports this recommendation.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)145-146
Number of pages2
JournalJournal of Family Practice
Volume56
Issue number2
StatePublished - Feb 2007

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Medicine

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