TY - JOUR
T1 - Behavioral Reactivity Associated With Electronic Monitoring of Environmental Health Interventions - A Cluster Randomized Trial with Water Filters and Cookstoves
AU - Thomas, Evan A.
AU - Tellez-Sanchez, Sarita
AU - Wick, Carson
AU - Kirby, Miles
AU - Zambrano, Laura
AU - Abadie Rosa, Ghislaine
AU - Clasen, Thomas F.
AU - Nagel, Corey
N1 - Funding Information:
Numerous individuals and organizations contributed to this work. In particular Zak White, Zdenek Zumr at Portland State University; Amy Pickering at Stanford University; Dexter Gauntlett, Michael Fleming and Kelly Spiller at SweetSense Inc.; Eric Butera and Jeanine Condo at the University of Rwanda; Christina Barstow, Christian Muragijimana, and Wyliff Mpagi at DelAgua are thanked. Funding for this study was provided by DelAgua Health and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the University of California at Berkeley Development Impact Lab.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 American Chemical Society.
PY - 2016/4/5
Y1 - 2016/4/5
N2 - Subject reactivity - when research participants change their behavior in response to being observed - has been documented showing the effect of human observers. Electronics sensors are increasingly used to monitor environmental health interventions, but the effect of sensors on behavior has not been assessed. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial in Rwanda among 170 households (70 blinded to the presence of the sensor, 100 open) testing whether awareness of an electronic monitor would result in a difference in weekly use of household water filters and improved cookstoves over a four-week surveillance period. A 63% increase in number of uses of the water filter per week between the groups was observed in week 1, an average of 4.4 times in the open group and 2.83 times in the blind group, declining in week 4 to an insignificant 55% difference of 2.82 uses in the open, and 1.93 in the blind. There were no significant differences in the number of stove uses per week between the two groups. For both filters and stoves, use decreased in both groups over four-week installation periods. This study suggests behavioral monitoring should attempt to account for reactivity to awareness of electronic monitors that persists for weeks or more. (Figure Presented).
AB - Subject reactivity - when research participants change their behavior in response to being observed - has been documented showing the effect of human observers. Electronics sensors are increasingly used to monitor environmental health interventions, but the effect of sensors on behavior has not been assessed. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial in Rwanda among 170 households (70 blinded to the presence of the sensor, 100 open) testing whether awareness of an electronic monitor would result in a difference in weekly use of household water filters and improved cookstoves over a four-week surveillance period. A 63% increase in number of uses of the water filter per week between the groups was observed in week 1, an average of 4.4 times in the open group and 2.83 times in the blind group, declining in week 4 to an insignificant 55% difference of 2.82 uses in the open, and 1.93 in the blind. There were no significant differences in the number of stove uses per week between the two groups. For both filters and stoves, use decreased in both groups over four-week installation periods. This study suggests behavioral monitoring should attempt to account for reactivity to awareness of electronic monitors that persists for weeks or more. (Figure Presented).
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84964203443&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84964203443&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/acs.est.6b00161
DO - 10.1021/acs.est.6b00161
M3 - Article
C2 - 26986617
AN - SCOPUS:84964203443
SN - 0013-936X
VL - 50
SP - 3773
EP - 3780
JO - Environmental Science and Technology
JF - Environmental Science and Technology
IS - 7
ER -