Development and homeostasis of T cell memory in rhesus macaque

The rhesus macaque (RM) is a critical animal model for studies of viral pathogenesis and immunity, yet fundamental aspects of their cellular immune response remain poorly defined. One such deficiency is the lack of validated phenotypic signatures for their naive and memory T cell subsets, and the resultant unavailability of accurate information on their memory T cell development, homeostasis, and function. In this study, we report a phenotypic paradigm allowing definitive characterization of these subsets and their comprehensive functional analysis. Naive T cells are optimally delineated by their homogeneous CD95^lowCD28^highβ₇ integrin^int (CD4⁺) or CD95^lowCD28^intCD11a^low (CD8⁺) phenotypes. This subset 1) was present in blood and secondary lymph tissues, but not effector sites; 2) vastly predominated in the fetal/neonatal immune system, but rapidly diminished with postnatal age; 3) lacked IFN-γ production capability, and specific responses to RM CMV; and 4) demonstrated low in vivo proliferative activity. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ memory subsets were CD95^high, but otherwise phenotypically heterogeneous and included all IFN-γ production, RM CMV-specific responses, effector site T cells, and demonstrated high in vivo proliferative activity (∼ 10 times the naive subset). These analyses also revealed the RM "effector memory" subset within the overall memory population. This population, best defined by lack of CD28 expression, contained the majority of RM CMV-specific cells, was highly enriched in extralymphoid effector sites, and comprised an increasing proportion of total memory cells with age. The effector memory subset demonstrated similar in vivo proliferative activity and survival as CD28⁺ "central memory" T cells, consistent with independent homeostatic regulation.