@article{990e0da12e6846b2a0264e0fe11f41c5,
title = "Early morning food intake as a risk factor for metabolic dysregulation",
abstract = "Increased risk of obesity and diabetes in shift workers may be related to food intake at adverse circadian times. Early morning shiftwork represents the largest proportion of shift workers in the United States, yet little is known about the impact of food intake in the early morning on metabolism. Eighteen participants (9 female) completed a counterbalanced 16 day design with two conditions separated by ~1 week: 8 h sleep opportunity at habitual time and simulated early morning shiftwork with 6.5 h sleep opportunity starting ~1 h earlier than habitual time. After wake time, resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured and blood was sampled for melatonin and fasting glucose and insulin. Following breakfast, post-prandial blood samples were collected every 40 min for 2 h and the thermic effect of food (TEF) was assessed for 3.25 h. Total sleep time was decreased by ~85 min (p < 0.0001), melatonin levels were higher (p < 0.0001) and post-prandial glucose levels were higher (p < 0.05) after one day of simulated early morning shiftwork compared with habitual wake time. REE was lower after simulated early morning shiftwork; however, TEF after breakfast was similar to habitual wake time. Insufficient sleep and caloric intake during a circadian phase of high melatonin levels may contribute to metabolic dysregulation in early morning shift workers.",
keywords = "Circadian, Glucose tolerance, Shiftwork, Sleep",
author = "Stothard, {Ellen R.} and Ritchie, {Hannah K.} and Birks, {Brian R.} and Eckel, {Robert H.} and Janine Higgins and Melanson, {Edward L.} and Wright, {Kenneth P.} and McHill, {Andrew W.}",
note = "Funding Information: Funding: This work was supported in part by the University of Colorado Boulder Dean{\textquoteright}s Graduate Student Research Grant and by NIH grants DK092624 and TR001082. Melanson is supported by resources from the Geriatric Research, Education, and the Clinical Center at the Denver VA Medical Center. The contents do not represent the views of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States Government. Funding Information: Conflicts of Interest: E.R.S., H.K.R., B.R.B., R.H.E., J.H., and E.L.M. report no conflicts to disclose. K.P.W. received funding from the NIH, Office of Naval Research; consulting fees from or served as a paid member of scientific advisory boards for NIH, CurAegis Inc. Circadian Therapeutics, Kellogg; and speaker honorarium or travel reimbursement fees from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American College of CHEST Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, American Diabetes Association, Associated Professional Sleep Societies, Daylight Academy, European Association for the Study of Obesity, Illuminating Engineering Society and Obesity Medicine Association. A.W.M. reports speaker honorarium or travel reimbursement fees from the Utah Sleep Research Society and the California Precast Concrete Association. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",
year = "2020",
month = mar,
doi = "10.3390/nu12030756",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "12",
journal = "Nutrients",
issn = "2072-6643",
publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",
number = "3",
}