TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of Blood Flow on Cardiac Morphogenesis and Formation of Congenital Heart Defects
AU - Trinidad, Fernando
AU - Rubonal, Floyd
AU - Rodriguez de Castro, Ignacio
AU - Pirzadeh, Ida
AU - Gerrah, Rabin
AU - Kheradvar, Arash
AU - Rugonyi, Sandra
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was funded by the US National Science Foundation (NSF), NSF/CBET 2109918 (S.R.) and NSF/CBET 2109959 (A.K.)
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors.
PY - 2022/9
Y1 - 2022/9
N2 - Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects about 1 in 100 newborns and its causes are multifactorial. In the embryo, blood flow within the heart and vasculature is essential for proper heart development, with abnormal blood flow leading to CHD. Here, we discuss how blood flow (hemodynamics) affects heart development from embryonic to fetal stages, and how abnormal blood flow solely can lead to CHD. We emphasize studies performed using avian models of heart development, because those models allow for hemodynamic interventions, in vivo imaging, and follow up, while they closely recapitulate heart defects observed in humans. We conclude with recommendations on investigations that must be performed to bridge the gaps in understanding how blood flow alone, or together with other factors, contributes to CHD.
AB - Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects about 1 in 100 newborns and its causes are multifactorial. In the embryo, blood flow within the heart and vasculature is essential for proper heart development, with abnormal blood flow leading to CHD. Here, we discuss how blood flow (hemodynamics) affects heart development from embryonic to fetal stages, and how abnormal blood flow solely can lead to CHD. We emphasize studies performed using avian models of heart development, because those models allow for hemodynamic interventions, in vivo imaging, and follow up, while they closely recapitulate heart defects observed in humans. We conclude with recommendations on investigations that must be performed to bridge the gaps in understanding how blood flow alone, or together with other factors, contributes to CHD.
KW - biofluid mechanics
KW - cardiac hemodynamics
KW - congenital heart disease
KW - heart development
KW - mechanotransduction
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U2 - 10.3390/jcdd9090303
DO - 10.3390/jcdd9090303
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85138619751
SN - 2308-3425
VL - 9
JO - Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
JF - Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
IS - 9
M1 - 303
ER -