@article{2de8204275464a1f9ba5e15154de9588,
title = "Effects of sex and APOE ε4 on object recognition and spatial navigation in the elderly",
abstract = "To determine effects of APOE ε4 (ε4) on cognitive performance of healthy elderly, 116 nondemented elders (mean age 81 years) were cognitive tested. The established tests Faces, Family Pictures, Spatial Span Forward and Backward, and the object recognition and spatial navigation tests developed in our laboratory were used as cognitive tests. Salivary samples were collected to determine APOE genotype and salivary testosterone and cortisol levels. Non-ε4- and ε4-carrying men and women did not differ in age, Mini-Mental State Examination, Wide Range Achievement Test-Reading, Beck Anxiety Inventory, or reaction time scores. There was an effect of ε4 on the object recognition and spatial navigation tests, with non-ε4 carriers outperforming ε4 carriers, but not in the other cognitive tests. No relationship was found for sex and ε4 status or sex and performance during the hidden session of Memory Island. In men, salivary cortisol levels correlated with object recognition. These results show that object recognition and spatial navigation tests are useful to assess cognitive function in the elderly.",
keywords = "cortisol, spatial learning and memory, testosterone",
author = "F. Berteau-Pavy and B. Park and J. Raber",
note = "Funding Information: We first would like to thank the Health Committee of the retirement community and its president for all the help in facilitating this study, as well as all the study participants for their infinite kindness. We would like to thank Dean Inman and Aaron Cram at the Oregon Research Institute for their contributions and support of the virtual reality software used in this study, and at the Oregon Health and Science University Angela Rizk-Jackson and Summer Acevedo for their help in recruiting the study participants and in establishing and maintaining of the human protocol, Diane Howieson, Dara Wasserman, and Tracy Zitzelberger for sharing their testing expertise, Clive Woffendin and his staff at the General Clinical Research Center for their assistance with hormonal assays, Tomi Mori and Theodore Benice for their advice with regard to the statistical analyses, Dan Zajdel for sharing his “jelly bean” prototype to assess processing speed, and Cara Poage and Summer Acevedo for their help with the figure preparations. This work was supported by EMF AG-NS-0201 (J.R.), the Medical Research Foundation of Oregon (J.R.), a Pilot Project of the Layton Center for Aging and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease (J.R.), the Building Interdisciplinary Research Center in Women{\textquoteright}s Health (BIRCWH) 5-K12-HD043488 (Lesley M. Hallick) and PHS grant 5 M01 RR000334. The authors have reported no conflicts of interest.",
year = "2007",
month = jun,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.03.005",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "147",
pages = "6--17",
journal = "Neuroscience",
issn = "0306-4522",
publisher = "Elsevier Limited",
number = "1",
}