TY - JOUR
T1 - Evolution of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II
T2 - Characterization of the Mouse IGF-II Gene and Identification of Two Pseudo-Exons
AU - Rotwein, Peter
AU - Hall, Lisa J.
PY - 1990/12
Y1 - 1990/12
N2 - We have cloned the mouse insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) gene as a series of overlapping cosmid and λ recombinants and have characterized its six exons. The gene extends over approximately 12 kb of mouse chromosome 7 and is located 18 kb 3′ to the insulin 2 gene and in the same transcriptional polarity. Exons 1–3 encode distinct 5′ untranslated regions and are transcribed by three different promoters, P1, P2, and P3, into three IGF-II mRNAs sharing common coding and 3′ untranslated sequences. Promoters P2 and P3 each contain a TATA box and appear to direct transcription from single initiation sites. By contrast, exon 1 has three major transcriptional start sites distributed over 556 nucleotides, and P1 lacks a TATA region and other typical transcriptional control sequences. Exons 4–6 code for the 180-amino-acid IGF-II precursor, and exon 6 also contains a 3,045-nucleotide 3′ untranslated region which ends at a single polyadenylation site. In addition to six functional IGF-II exons, we identified two 5′ “pseudo-exons,” which appear to be evolutionarily retained remnants of an alternative promoter-exon cassette that is active in human IGF-II. Loss of the homolog of this promoter, which directs “adult-specific” expression of the IGF-II gene in some human tissues, may explain the disappearance of this growth factor from most murine tissues in the early postnatal period.
AB - We have cloned the mouse insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) gene as a series of overlapping cosmid and λ recombinants and have characterized its six exons. The gene extends over approximately 12 kb of mouse chromosome 7 and is located 18 kb 3′ to the insulin 2 gene and in the same transcriptional polarity. Exons 1–3 encode distinct 5′ untranslated regions and are transcribed by three different promoters, P1, P2, and P3, into three IGF-II mRNAs sharing common coding and 3′ untranslated sequences. Promoters P2 and P3 each contain a TATA box and appear to direct transcription from single initiation sites. By contrast, exon 1 has three major transcriptional start sites distributed over 556 nucleotides, and P1 lacks a TATA region and other typical transcriptional control sequences. Exons 4–6 code for the 180-amino-acid IGF-II precursor, and exon 6 also contains a 3,045-nucleotide 3′ untranslated region which ends at a single polyadenylation site. In addition to six functional IGF-II exons, we identified two 5′ “pseudo-exons,” which appear to be evolutionarily retained remnants of an alternative promoter-exon cassette that is active in human IGF-II. Loss of the homolog of this promoter, which directs “adult-specific” expression of the IGF-II gene in some human tissues, may explain the disappearance of this growth factor from most murine tissues in the early postnatal period.
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U2 - 10.1089/dna.1990.9.725
DO - 10.1089/dna.1990.9.725
M3 - Article
C2 - 1702294
AN - SCOPUS:0025600899
SN - 1044-5498
VL - 9
SP - 725
EP - 735
JO - DNA and Cell Biology
JF - DNA and Cell Biology
IS - 10
ER -