TY - JOUR
T1 - Freezing of gait
T2 - Moving forward on a mysterious clinical phenomenon
AU - Nutt, John G.
AU - Bloem, Bastiaan R.
AU - Giladi, Nir
AU - Hallett, Mark
AU - Horak, Fay B.
AU - Nieuwboer, Alice
N1 - Funding Information:
This Review is partly the product of presentations and discussions at an international workshop, held on Feb 24–25, 2010, in Washington DC, USA, to review the phenomenonology of freezing of gait (FoG), the physiology of locomotion and sites of dysfunction that could conceivably produce FoG, hypotheses for causes of FoG, and future directions. The invited participants were chosen for their basic or clinical research experience in locomotion and FoG. The workshop was organised and undertaken by the authors of the report. The meeting was supported by the Movement Disorder Society, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grant 1R13NS67914-1 , and unrestricted educational grants from Teva Pharmaceutical and Ipsen. We thank A Achterman and D Potts of Oregon Health & Science University, OR, USA, for their assistance in arranging the workshop and preparing the report.
PY - 2011/8
Y1 - 2011/8
N2 - Freezing of gait (FoG) is a unique and disabling clinical phenomenon characterised by brief episodes of inability to step or by extremely short steps that typically occur on initiating gait or on turning while walking. Patients with FoG, which is a feature of parkinsonian syndromes, show variability in gait metrics between FoG episodes and a substantial reduction in step length with frequent trembling of the legs during FoG episodes. Physiological, functional imaging, and clinical-pathological studies point to disturbances in frontal cortical regions, the basal ganglia, and the midbrain locomotor region as the probable origins of FoG. Medications, deep brain stimulation, and rehabilitation techniques can alleviate symptoms of FoG in some patients, but these treatments lack efficacy in patients with advanced FoG. A better understanding of the phenomenon is needed to aid the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
AB - Freezing of gait (FoG) is a unique and disabling clinical phenomenon characterised by brief episodes of inability to step or by extremely short steps that typically occur on initiating gait or on turning while walking. Patients with FoG, which is a feature of parkinsonian syndromes, show variability in gait metrics between FoG episodes and a substantial reduction in step length with frequent trembling of the legs during FoG episodes. Physiological, functional imaging, and clinical-pathological studies point to disturbances in frontal cortical regions, the basal ganglia, and the midbrain locomotor region as the probable origins of FoG. Medications, deep brain stimulation, and rehabilitation techniques can alleviate symptoms of FoG in some patients, but these treatments lack efficacy in patients with advanced FoG. A better understanding of the phenomenon is needed to aid the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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U2 - 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70143-0
DO - 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70143-0
M3 - Review article
C2 - 21777828
AN - SCOPUS:79960348433
SN - 1474-4422
VL - 10
SP - 734
EP - 744
JO - The Lancet Neurology
JF - The Lancet Neurology
IS - 8
ER -