TY - JOUR
T1 - Genetic defects in the growth hormone-IGF-I axis causing growth hormone insensitivity and impaired linear growth
AU - Savage, Martin O.
AU - Hwa, Vivian
AU - David, Alessia
AU - Rosenfeld, Ron G.
AU - Metherell, Louise A.
PY - 2011
Y1 - 2011
N2 - Human genetic defects in the growth hormone (GH)-IGF-I axis affecting the IGF system present with growth failure as their principal clinical feature. This is usually associated with GH insensitivity (GHI) presenting in childhood as severe or mild short stature. Dysmorphic features and metabolic abnormalities may also be present. The field of GHI due to mutations affecting GH action has evolved rapidly since the first description of the extreme phenotype related to homozygous GH receptor (GHR) mutations in 1966. A continuum of genetic, phenotypic, and biochemical abnormalities can be defined associated with clinically relevant defects in linear growth. The mechanisms of the GH-IGF-I axis in the regulation of normal human growth is discussed followed by descriptions of mutations in GHR, STAT5B, IGF-I, IGFALS, IGF1R, and GH1 defects causing bio-inactive GH or anti-GH antibodies. These GHIGF-I axis defects are associated with a range of clinical, and hormonal characteristics. An up-dated approach to the clinical assessment of the patient with GHI focusing on investigation of the GH-IGF-I axis and relevant molecular studies contributing to the identification of causative genetic defects is also discussed.
AB - Human genetic defects in the growth hormone (GH)-IGF-I axis affecting the IGF system present with growth failure as their principal clinical feature. This is usually associated with GH insensitivity (GHI) presenting in childhood as severe or mild short stature. Dysmorphic features and metabolic abnormalities may also be present. The field of GHI due to mutations affecting GH action has evolved rapidly since the first description of the extreme phenotype related to homozygous GH receptor (GHR) mutations in 1966. A continuum of genetic, phenotypic, and biochemical abnormalities can be defined associated with clinically relevant defects in linear growth. The mechanisms of the GH-IGF-I axis in the regulation of normal human growth is discussed followed by descriptions of mutations in GHR, STAT5B, IGF-I, IGFALS, IGF1R, and GH1 defects causing bio-inactive GH or anti-GH antibodies. These GHIGF-I axis defects are associated with a range of clinical, and hormonal characteristics. An up-dated approach to the clinical assessment of the patient with GHI focusing on investigation of the GH-IGF-I axis and relevant molecular studies contributing to the identification of causative genetic defects is also discussed.
KW - Childhood linear growth
KW - Genetic defects
KW - Growth hormone insensitivity
KW - Growth hormone-IGF-I axis mutations
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U2 - 10.3389/fendo.2011.00095
DO - 10.3389/fendo.2011.00095
M3 - Review article
C2 - 22654835
AN - SCOPUS:84874376142
SN - 1664-2392
VL - 2
JO - Frontiers in Endocrinology
JF - Frontiers in Endocrinology
IS - DEC
M1 - Article 95
ER -