TY - JOUR
T1 - Immune responses to measles and tetanus vaccines among Kenyan human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected children pre- and post-highly active antiretroviral therapy and revaccination
AU - Farquhar, Carey
AU - Wamalwa, Dalton
AU - Selig, Sara
AU - John-Stewart, Grace
AU - Mabuka, Jennifer
AU - Majiwa, Maxwel
AU - Sutton, William
AU - Haigwood, Nancy
AU - Wariua, Grace
AU - Lohman-Payne, Barbara
N1 - Funding Information:
Supported by the NIH Fogarty International Center D43 TW000007, RO1 TW007632, Puget Sound Partners for Global Health Research and Technology Project Award 26145, the UW CFAR Humoral Immunity Core, and NIH P30 AI27757; the NIH Fogarty International Center grant D43 TW007632 (to D.W.); and NICHD K23 HD41879 (to C.F.).
PY - 2009/4
Y1 - 2009/4
N2 - BACKGROUND: HIV-1-infected children have lower response rates after measles and tetanus immunization than uninfected children. We determined the extent to which highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) augments vaccine immunity and promotes responses to revaccination. METHODS: Previously immunized, antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected children were evaluated for immunity against measles and tetanus. After 6 months on HAART, children meeting CD4% criteria (>15%) who were persistently antibody negative were revaccinated and immunity was reassessed. RESULTS: At enrollment, among 90 children with mean age of 4.9 years, 67% had negative measles IgG and 22% negative tetanus IgG. Among 62 children completing 6 months on HAART, 17 (40%) of 43 without protective measles IgG converted and 10 (53%) of 19 positive children lost measles responses (P ≤ 0.3). Children who lost responses had significantly lower measles antibody concentrations than those who remained measles IgG positive during follow-up (7.1 vs. 20.3 mg/mL; P ≤ 0.003). Three (23%) of 13 children negative for tetanus IgG spontaneously seroconverted on HAART, while 15 (31%) of 49 children lost tetanus antibody (P ≤ 0.008). There was a nonsignificant trend for an association between spontaneous measles seroconversion and lower baseline HIV-1 viral load (P ≤ 0.06). Tetanus seroconversion was associated with older age (P ≤ 0.03). After revaccination, positive responses were observed in 78% and 75% of children reimmunized against measles and tetanus, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: After 6 months of HAART, more than half of previously immunized children still lacked positive measles antibody. With increased use of HAART in pediatric populations, revaccination against measles and tetanus should be considered to boost response rates and immunization coverage.
AB - BACKGROUND: HIV-1-infected children have lower response rates after measles and tetanus immunization than uninfected children. We determined the extent to which highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) augments vaccine immunity and promotes responses to revaccination. METHODS: Previously immunized, antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected children were evaluated for immunity against measles and tetanus. After 6 months on HAART, children meeting CD4% criteria (>15%) who were persistently antibody negative were revaccinated and immunity was reassessed. RESULTS: At enrollment, among 90 children with mean age of 4.9 years, 67% had negative measles IgG and 22% negative tetanus IgG. Among 62 children completing 6 months on HAART, 17 (40%) of 43 without protective measles IgG converted and 10 (53%) of 19 positive children lost measles responses (P ≤ 0.3). Children who lost responses had significantly lower measles antibody concentrations than those who remained measles IgG positive during follow-up (7.1 vs. 20.3 mg/mL; P ≤ 0.003). Three (23%) of 13 children negative for tetanus IgG spontaneously seroconverted on HAART, while 15 (31%) of 49 children lost tetanus antibody (P ≤ 0.008). There was a nonsignificant trend for an association between spontaneous measles seroconversion and lower baseline HIV-1 viral load (P ≤ 0.06). Tetanus seroconversion was associated with older age (P ≤ 0.03). After revaccination, positive responses were observed in 78% and 75% of children reimmunized against measles and tetanus, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: After 6 months of HAART, more than half of previously immunized children still lacked positive measles antibody. With increased use of HAART in pediatric populations, revaccination against measles and tetanus should be considered to boost response rates and immunization coverage.
KW - Antiretroviral therapy
KW - HIV-1-infected children
KW - Measles
KW - Tetanus
KW - Vaccination
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U2 - 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181903ed3
DO - 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181903ed3
M3 - Article
C2 - 19258919
AN - SCOPUS:65649148654
SN - 0891-3668
VL - 28
SP - 295
EP - 299
JO - Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
JF - Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
IS - 4
ER -