TY - JOUR
T1 - Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of autism spectrum disorder from 1990 to 2019 across 204 countries
AU - Solmi, Marco
AU - Song, Minjin
AU - Yon, Dong Keon
AU - Lee, Seung Won
AU - Fombonne, Eric
AU - Kim, Min Seo
AU - Park, Seoyeon
AU - Lee, Min Ho
AU - Hwang, Jimin
AU - Keller, Roberto
AU - Koyanagi, Ai
AU - Jacob, Louis
AU - Dragioti, Elena
AU - Smith, Lee
AU - Correll, Christoph U.
AU - Fusar-Poli, Paolo
AU - Croatto, Giovanni
AU - Carvalho, Andre F.
AU - Oh, Jae Won
AU - Lee, San
AU - Gosling, Corentin J.
AU - Cheon, Keun Ah
AU - Mavridis, Dimitris
AU - Chu, Che Sheng
AU - Liang, Chih Sung
AU - Radua, Joaquim
AU - Boyer, Laurent
AU - Fond, Guillaume
AU - Shin, Jae Il
AU - Cortese, Samuele
N1 - Funding Information:
MS received honoraria/has been consultant for Angelini, Lundbeck. CUC has been a consultant and/or advisor to or has received honoraria from: AbbVie, Acadia, Alkermes, Allergan, Angelini, Aristo, Axsome, Damitsa, Gedeon Richter, Hikma, IntraCellular Therapies, Janssen/J&J, Karuna, LB Pharma, Lundbeck, MedAvante-ProPhase, MedInCell, Medscape, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Mylan, Neurocrine, Noven, Otsuka, Pfizer, Recordati, Rovi, Servier, SK Life Science, Sumitomo Dainippon, Sunovion, Supernus, Takeda, Teva, and Viatris. He provided expert testimony for Janssen and Otsuka. He served on a Data Safety Monitoring Board for Lundbeck, Rovi, Supernus, and Teva. He has received grant support from Janssen and Takeda. He received royalties from UpToDate and is also a stock option holder of LB Pharma. SC is supported by the following grants from the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR): RP-PG-0618-20003, NIHR128472, NIHR130077, NIHR203035, NIHR203684. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
PY - 2022/10
Y1 - 2022/10
N2 - Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) substantially contributes to the burden of mental disorders. Improved awareness and changes in diagnostic criteria of ASD may have influenced the diagnostic rates of ASD. However, while data on trends in diagnostic rates in some individual countries have been published, updated estimates of diagnostic rate trends and ASD-related disability at the global level are lacking. Here, we used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study data to address this gap, focusing on changes in prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of ASD across the world. From 1990 to 2019, overall age-standardized estimates remained stable globally. Both prevalence and DALYs increased in countries with high socio-demographic index (SDI). However, the age-standardized incidence decreased in some low SDI countries, indicating a need to improve awareness. The male/female ratio decreased between 1990 and 2019, possibly accounted for by increasing clinical attention to ASD in females. Our results suggest that ASD detection in low SDI countries is suboptimal, and that ASD prevention/treatment in countries with high SDI should be improved, considering the increasing prevalence of the disorder. Additionally, growing attention is being paid to ASD diagnosis in females, who might have been left behind by ASD epidemiologic and clinical research previously. ASD burden estimates are underestimated as GBD does not account for mortality in ASD.
AB - Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) substantially contributes to the burden of mental disorders. Improved awareness and changes in diagnostic criteria of ASD may have influenced the diagnostic rates of ASD. However, while data on trends in diagnostic rates in some individual countries have been published, updated estimates of diagnostic rate trends and ASD-related disability at the global level are lacking. Here, we used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study data to address this gap, focusing on changes in prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of ASD across the world. From 1990 to 2019, overall age-standardized estimates remained stable globally. Both prevalence and DALYs increased in countries with high socio-demographic index (SDI). However, the age-standardized incidence decreased in some low SDI countries, indicating a need to improve awareness. The male/female ratio decreased between 1990 and 2019, possibly accounted for by increasing clinical attention to ASD in females. Our results suggest that ASD detection in low SDI countries is suboptimal, and that ASD prevention/treatment in countries with high SDI should be improved, considering the increasing prevalence of the disorder. Additionally, growing attention is being paid to ASD diagnosis in females, who might have been left behind by ASD epidemiologic and clinical research previously. ASD burden estimates are underestimated as GBD does not account for mortality in ASD.
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U2 - 10.1038/s41380-022-01630-7
DO - 10.1038/s41380-022-01630-7
M3 - Article
C2 - 35768640
AN - SCOPUS:85133181447
SN - 1359-4184
VL - 27
SP - 4172
EP - 4180
JO - Molecular Psychiatry
JF - Molecular Psychiatry
IS - 10
ER -