New technology and methodologies for intraoperative, perioperative, and intraprocedural monitoring of surgical and catheter interventions for congenital heart disease

We review the new technology and methods available for support of intraoperative and intraprocedural imaging in the catheterization laboratory for surgical and interventional catheterization procedures in the treatment of congenital heart disease. The methods reviewed include miniaturized probes and new ways of using them perioperatively for cardiac imaging from transesophageal, substernal, and intracardiac imaging locations. The smaller and more versatile the probes, the better adapted they will be in providing methods to improve the outcomes in babies born with serious forms of congenital heart disease.