Population-based fracture risk assessment and osteoporosis treatment disparities by race and gender

Jeffrey R. Curtis; Leslie A. McClure; Elizabeth Delzell; Virginia J. Howard; Eric Orwoll; Kenneth G. Saag; Monika Safford; George Howard

doi:10.1007/s11606-009-1031-8

Population-based fracture risk assessment and osteoporosis treatment disparities by race and gender

Jeffrey R. Curtis
, Leslie A. McClure
, Elizabeth Delzell
, Virginia J. Howard
, Eric Orwoll
, Kenneth G. Saag
, Monika Safford
, George Howard

Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

112 Scopus citations

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Undertreatment of osteoporosis has been recognized as a common problem in selected patient subgroups. However, primary prevention has been hampered by limited risk assessment tools that can be applied to large populations. OBJECTIVES: Using clinical risk factors with a new tool from the World Health Organization (FRAX) and recommendations from the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF), we evaluated fracture risk and osteoporosis treatment in a US cohort. PARTICIPANTS: African Americans and Caucasians recruited from 2003-7 across the US as part of a longitudinal study. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. MEASURES: The number of persons receiving prescription osteoporosis medications was assessed by race, sex, and fracture risk. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association between receipt of osteoporosis medications and fracture risk after controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: Among 24,783 participants, estimated fracture risk was highest for Caucasian women. After multivariable adjustment for fracture-related risk factors, the likelihood of receipt of osteoporosis medications among African Americans was lower than among Caucasians [odds ratio (OR) = 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37, 0.53] and for men compared to women (OR=0.08, 95% CI 0.06-0.10). Even for the highest risk group, Caucasian women with 10-year hip fracture risk ≥3% (n=3,025, 39.7%), only 26% were receiving treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial gap exists between 2008 NOF treatment guidelines based on fracture risk and the receipt of prescription osteoporosis medications. This gap was particularly notable for African Americans and men. FRAX is likely to be useful to assess risk at a population level and identify high-risk persons in need of additional evaluation.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	956-962
Number of pages	7
Journal	Journal of general internal medicine
Volume	24
Issue number	8
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-009-1031-8
State	Published - Aug 2009

Funding

Acknowledgements: Work for this analysis was supported in part by the National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR053351) and the Arthritis Foundation. REGARDS is supported by a cooperative agreement U01 NS041588 from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke or the National Institutes of Health. Representatives of the funding agency have been involved in the review of the manuscript, but not directly involved in the collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data. The authors acknowledge the participating investigators and institutions for their valuable contributions: The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (Study PI, Statistical and Data Coordinating Center, Survey Research Unit): George Howard DrPH, Leslie McClure PhD, Virginia Howard PhD, Libby Wagner MA, Virginia Wadley PhD, Rodney Go PhD, Monika Safford MD, Ella Temple PhD, Margaret Stewart MSPH, J. David Rhodes BSN; University of Vermont (Central Laboratory): Mary Cushman MD; Wake Forest University (ECG Reading Center): Ron Prineas MD, PhD; Alabama Neurological Institute (Stroke Validation Center, Medical Monitoring): Camilo Gomez MD, Susana Bowling MD; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (Survey Methodology): LeaVonne Pulley PhD; University of Cincinnati (Clinical Neuroepide-miology): Brett Kissela MD, Dawn Kleindorfer MD; Examination Management Services, Incorporated (In-Person Visits): Andra Graham; Medical University of South Carolina (Migration Analysis Center): Daniel Lackland DrPH; Indiana University School of Medicine (Neuropsychology Center): Frederick Unverzagt PhD; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (funding agency): Claudia Moy Ph.D.

Funders	Funder number
Author National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health The Bev Hartig Huntington's Disease Foundation National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
National Institute of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute	R01HL080477
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases	AR053351
Arthritis Foundation	U01 NS041588

Keywords

African American
Bisphosphonate
Caucasian
Epidemiology
FRAX
Fracture
Osteoporosis

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Internal Medicine

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10.1007/s11606-009-1031-8

Cite this

@article{deffb50fe11a4c29b6c4fb293e71aeb5,

title = "Population-based fracture risk assessment and osteoporosis treatment disparities by race and gender",

abstract = "BACKGROUND: Undertreatment of osteoporosis has been recognized as a common problem in selected patient subgroups. However, primary prevention has been hampered by limited risk assessment tools that can be applied to large populations. OBJECTIVES: Using clinical risk factors with a new tool from the World Health Organization (FRAX) and recommendations from the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF), we evaluated fracture risk and osteoporosis treatment in a US cohort. PARTICIPANTS: African Americans and Caucasians recruited from 2003-7 across the US as part of a longitudinal study. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. MEASURES: The number of persons receiving prescription osteoporosis medications was assessed by race, sex, and fracture risk. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association between receipt of osteoporosis medications and fracture risk after controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: Among 24,783 participants, estimated fracture risk was highest for Caucasian women. After multivariable adjustment for fracture-related risk factors, the likelihood of receipt of osteoporosis medications among African Americans was lower than among Caucasians [odds ratio (OR) = 0.44, 95\% confidence interval (CI) 0.37, 0.53] and for men compared to women (OR=0.08, 95\% CI 0.06-0.10). Even for the highest risk group, Caucasian women with 10-year hip fracture risk ≥3\% (n=3,025, 39.7\%), only 26\% were receiving treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial gap exists between 2008 NOF treatment guidelines based on fracture risk and the receipt of prescription osteoporosis medications. This gap was particularly notable for African Americans and men. FRAX is likely to be useful to assess risk at a population level and identify high-risk persons in need of additional evaluation.",

keywords = "African American, Bisphosphonate, Caucasian, Epidemiology, FRAX, Fracture, Osteoporosis",

author = "Curtis, \{Jeffrey R.\} and McClure, \{Leslie A.\} and Elizabeth Delzell and Howard, \{Virginia J.\} and Eric Orwoll and Saag, \{Kenneth G.\} and Monika Safford and George Howard",

note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements: Work for this analysis was supported in part by the National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR053351) and the Arthritis Foundation. REGARDS is supported by a cooperative agreement U01 NS041588 from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke or the National Institutes of Health. Representatives of the funding agency have been involved in the review of the manuscript, but not directly involved in the collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data. The authors acknowledge the participating investigators and institutions for their valuable contributions: The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (Study PI, Statistical and Data Coordinating Center, Survey Research Unit): George Howard DrPH, Leslie McClure PhD, Virginia Howard PhD, Libby Wagner MA, Virginia Wadley PhD, Rodney Go PhD, Monika Safford MD, Ella Temple PhD, Margaret Stewart MSPH, J. David Rhodes BSN; University of Vermont (Central Laboratory): Mary Cushman MD; Wake Forest University (ECG Reading Center): Ron Prineas MD, PhD; Alabama Neurological Institute (Stroke Validation Center, Medical Monitoring): Camilo Gomez MD, Susana Bowling MD; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (Survey Methodology): LeaVonne Pulley PhD; University of Cincinnati (Clinical Neuroepide-miology): Brett Kissela MD, Dawn Kleindorfer MD; Examination Management Services, Incorporated (In-Person Visits): Andra Graham; Medical University of South Carolina (Migration Analysis Center): Daniel Lackland DrPH; Indiana University School of Medicine (Neuropsychology Center): Frederick Unverzagt PhD; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (funding agency): Claudia Moy Ph.D.",

year = "2009",

month = aug,

doi = "10.1007/s11606-009-1031-8",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "24",

pages = "956--962",

journal = "Journal of general internal medicine",

issn = "0884-8734",

publisher = "Springer",

number = "8",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Population-based fracture risk assessment and osteoporosis treatment disparities by race and gender

AU - Curtis, Jeffrey R.

AU - McClure, Leslie A.

AU - Delzell, Elizabeth

AU - Howard, Virginia J.

AU - Orwoll, Eric

AU - Saag, Kenneth G.

AU - Safford, Monika

AU - Howard, George

N1 - Funding Information: Acknowledgements: Work for this analysis was supported in part by the National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR053351) and the Arthritis Foundation. REGARDS is supported by a cooperative agreement U01 NS041588 from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke or the National Institutes of Health. Representatives of the funding agency have been involved in the review of the manuscript, but not directly involved in the collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data. The authors acknowledge the participating investigators and institutions for their valuable contributions: The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (Study PI, Statistical and Data Coordinating Center, Survey Research Unit): George Howard DrPH, Leslie McClure PhD, Virginia Howard PhD, Libby Wagner MA, Virginia Wadley PhD, Rodney Go PhD, Monika Safford MD, Ella Temple PhD, Margaret Stewart MSPH, J. David Rhodes BSN; University of Vermont (Central Laboratory): Mary Cushman MD; Wake Forest University (ECG Reading Center): Ron Prineas MD, PhD; Alabama Neurological Institute (Stroke Validation Center, Medical Monitoring): Camilo Gomez MD, Susana Bowling MD; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (Survey Methodology): LeaVonne Pulley PhD; University of Cincinnati (Clinical Neuroepide-miology): Brett Kissela MD, Dawn Kleindorfer MD; Examination Management Services, Incorporated (In-Person Visits): Andra Graham; Medical University of South Carolina (Migration Analysis Center): Daniel Lackland DrPH; Indiana University School of Medicine (Neuropsychology Center): Frederick Unverzagt PhD; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (funding agency): Claudia Moy Ph.D.

PY - 2009/8

Y1 - 2009/8

N2 - BACKGROUND: Undertreatment of osteoporosis has been recognized as a common problem in selected patient subgroups. However, primary prevention has been hampered by limited risk assessment tools that can be applied to large populations. OBJECTIVES: Using clinical risk factors with a new tool from the World Health Organization (FRAX) and recommendations from the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF), we evaluated fracture risk and osteoporosis treatment in a US cohort. PARTICIPANTS: African Americans and Caucasians recruited from 2003-7 across the US as part of a longitudinal study. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. MEASURES: The number of persons receiving prescription osteoporosis medications was assessed by race, sex, and fracture risk. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association between receipt of osteoporosis medications and fracture risk after controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: Among 24,783 participants, estimated fracture risk was highest for Caucasian women. After multivariable adjustment for fracture-related risk factors, the likelihood of receipt of osteoporosis medications among African Americans was lower than among Caucasians [odds ratio (OR) = 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37, 0.53] and for men compared to women (OR=0.08, 95% CI 0.06-0.10). Even for the highest risk group, Caucasian women with 10-year hip fracture risk ≥3% (n=3,025, 39.7%), only 26% were receiving treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial gap exists between 2008 NOF treatment guidelines based on fracture risk and the receipt of prescription osteoporosis medications. This gap was particularly notable for African Americans and men. FRAX is likely to be useful to assess risk at a population level and identify high-risk persons in need of additional evaluation.

AB - BACKGROUND: Undertreatment of osteoporosis has been recognized as a common problem in selected patient subgroups. However, primary prevention has been hampered by limited risk assessment tools that can be applied to large populations. OBJECTIVES: Using clinical risk factors with a new tool from the World Health Organization (FRAX) and recommendations from the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF), we evaluated fracture risk and osteoporosis treatment in a US cohort. PARTICIPANTS: African Americans and Caucasians recruited from 2003-7 across the US as part of a longitudinal study. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. MEASURES: The number of persons receiving prescription osteoporosis medications was assessed by race, sex, and fracture risk. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association between receipt of osteoporosis medications and fracture risk after controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: Among 24,783 participants, estimated fracture risk was highest for Caucasian women. After multivariable adjustment for fracture-related risk factors, the likelihood of receipt of osteoporosis medications among African Americans was lower than among Caucasians [odds ratio (OR) = 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37, 0.53] and for men compared to women (OR=0.08, 95% CI 0.06-0.10). Even for the highest risk group, Caucasian women with 10-year hip fracture risk ≥3% (n=3,025, 39.7%), only 26% were receiving treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial gap exists between 2008 NOF treatment guidelines based on fracture risk and the receipt of prescription osteoporosis medications. This gap was particularly notable for African Americans and men. FRAX is likely to be useful to assess risk at a population level and identify high-risk persons in need of additional evaluation.

KW - African American

KW - Bisphosphonate

KW - Caucasian

KW - Epidemiology

KW - FRAX

KW - Fracture

KW - Osteoporosis

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U2 - 10.1007/s11606-009-1031-8

DO - 10.1007/s11606-009-1031-8

M3 - Article

C2 - 19551449

AN - SCOPUS:77950350032

SN - 0884-8734

VL - 24

SP - 956

EP - 962

JO - Journal of general internal medicine

JF - Journal of general internal medicine

IS - 8

ER -

Population-based fracture risk assessment and osteoporosis treatment disparities by race and gender

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