TY - JOUR
T1 - Prognostic Factors in Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder
T2 - Histologic and Molecular Correlates
AU - Solomon, James P.
AU - Hansel, Donna E.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
PY - 2015/3/14
Y1 - 2015/3/14
N2 - Histologic characterization of urothelial carcinoma remains the most important factor for determining a patient's prognosis and treatment regimen. However, challenges remain in accurately staging and grading many tumors, and substaging remains controversial. Recently, significant insight has been gained into the molecular pathogenesis of bladder cancer that may aid in further characterizing urothelial carcinoma. Many molecular biomarkers have been clinically validated, and some have been shown to provide more prognostic information than histology alone. In addition, a subset of these markers may even represent targets for molecular therapy. Here, we review histologic staging and grading of urothelial carcinoma, as well as discuss many of the clinically relevant molecular markers. As each urothelial carcinoma likely represents a unique biological entity, the need for complete histologic and molecular characterization of these tumors is necessary as we enter the age of personalized medicine.
AB - Histologic characterization of urothelial carcinoma remains the most important factor for determining a patient's prognosis and treatment regimen. However, challenges remain in accurately staging and grading many tumors, and substaging remains controversial. Recently, significant insight has been gained into the molecular pathogenesis of bladder cancer that may aid in further characterizing urothelial carcinoma. Many molecular biomarkers have been clinically validated, and some have been shown to provide more prognostic information than histology alone. In addition, a subset of these markers may even represent targets for molecular therapy. Here, we review histologic staging and grading of urothelial carcinoma, as well as discuss many of the clinically relevant molecular markers. As each urothelial carcinoma likely represents a unique biological entity, the need for complete histologic and molecular characterization of these tumors is necessary as we enter the age of personalized medicine.
KW - ancillary tests
KW - bladder cancer
KW - molecular biomarkers
KW - urothelial carcinoma
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U2 - 10.1097/PAP.0000000000000050
DO - 10.1097/PAP.0000000000000050
M3 - Review article
C2 - 25664945
AN - SCOPUS:84922722090
SN - 1072-4109
VL - 22
SP - 102
EP - 112
JO - Advances in Anatomic Pathology
JF - Advances in Anatomic Pathology
IS - 2
ER -