Abstract
Background: Quantification of defect size and shunt flow is an important aspect of ventricular septal defect (VSD) evaluation. This study compared three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) with the current clinical standard two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) for quantifying defect area and tested the feasibility of real time 3D color Doppler echocardiography (RT3D-CDE) for quantifying shunt volume of irregular shaped and multiple VSDs. Methods: Latex balloons were sutured into the ventricles of 32 freshly harvested porcine hearts and were connected with tubing placed in septal perforations. Tubing was varied in area (0.13–5.22 cm²), number (1–3), and shape (circle, oval, crescent, triangle). A pulsatile pump was used to pump “blood” through the VSD (LV to RV) at stroke volumes of 30–70 mL with a stroke rate of 60 bpm. Two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE), 3DE, and RT3D-CDE images were acquired from the right side of the phantom. Results: For circular VSDs, both 2DE and 3DE area measurements were consistent with the actual areas (R² = 0.98 vs 0.99). For noncircular/multiple VSDs, 3DE correlated with the actual area more closely than 2DE (R² = 0.99 vs 0.44). Shunt volumes obtained using RT3D-CDE positively correlated with pumped stroke volumes (R² = 0.96). Conclusions: Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) is a feasible method for determining VSD area and is more accurate than 2DE for evaluating the area of multiple or noncircular VSDs. Real-time 3D color Doppler echocardiography (RT3D-CDE) is a feasible method for quantifying the shunt volume of multiple or noncircular VSDs.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 90-99 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | Echocardiography |
Volume | 35 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jan 2018 |
Keywords
- color Doppler three-dimensional
- echocardiography
- perimembranous ventricular septal defect
- shunt
- three-dimensional echocardiography
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine