Update on emerging and re-emerging vector-borne diseases

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are spread by ticks and mosquitoes on every inhabitable continent and pose a persistent and escalating threat to global public health. The incidence of the vector-borne RNA viruses, which are the focus of this article, has increased in recent decades. This diverse group comprises multiple genera of viruses, ranging from dengue, the most common mosquito-borne virus in the world, to more obscure viruses like Oropouche virus, circulating in South America, and multiple orthonairoviruses recently identified in China. The transmission dynamics of these diseases are shaped by a complex interplay of ecological, environmental, immunological, and socioeconomic factors, which creates challenges for diagnosis, management, surveillance, clinical management, and prevention. In this article, we present select viruses or concepts to highlight, prioritizing major and/or recent findings that represent novel discoveries, new insights, or events that change the current approach to clinical management or public health control programs to combat emerging VBD.