Use of medications to reduce risk for primary breast cancer: A systematic review for the U.S. preventive services task force

Background: Medications to reduce risk for primary breast cancer are recommended for women at increased risk; however, use is low. Purpose: To update evidence about the effectiveness and adverse effects of medications to reduce breast cancer risk, patient use of such medications, and methods for identifying women at increased risk for breast cancer. Data Sources: MEDLINE and Cochrane databases (through 5 De-cember 2012), Scopus, Web of Science, clinical trial registries, and reference lists. Study Selection: English-language randomized trials of medication effectiveness and adverse effects, observational studies of adverse effects and patient use, and diagnostic accuracy studies of risk assessment. Data Extraction: Investigators independently extracted data on participants, study design, analysis, follow-up, and results, and a second investigator confirmed key data. Investigators independently dual-rated study quality and applicability using established criteria. Data Synthesis: Seven good-and fair-quality trials indicated that tamoxifen and raloxifene reduced incidence of invasive breast can-cer by 7 to 9 cases in 1000 women over 5 years compared with placebo. New results from STAR (Study of Tamoxifen and Ralox-ifene) showed that tamoxifen reduced breast cancer incidence more than raloxifene by 5 cases in 1000 women. Neither reduced breast cancer-specific or all-cause mortality rates. Both reduced the inci-dence of fractures, but tamoxifen increased the incidence of throm-boembolic events more than raloxifene by 4 cases in 1000 women. Tamoxifen increased the incidence of endometrial cancer and cat-aracts compared with placebo and raloxifene. Trials provided limited and heterogeneous data on medication adherence and persistence. Many women do not take tamoxifen because of associated harms. Thirteen risk-stratification models were modest predictors of breast cancer. Limitation: Data on mortality and adherence measures and for women who are nonwhite, are premenopausal, or have comorbid conditions were lacking. Conclusion: Medications reduced the incidence of invasive breast cancer and fractures and increased the incidence of thromboem-bolic events. Tamoxifen was more effective than raloxifene but also increased the incidence of endometrial cancer and cataracts. Use is limited by adverse effects and inaccurate methods to identify candidates.