TY - JOUR
T1 - Cell- and size-specific analysis of placental extracellular vesicles in maternal plasma and pre-eclampsia
AU - Morgan, Terry K.
N1 - Funding Information:
The author has read the journal's policy on disclosure of potential conflicts of interest and there is no financial or personal relationship with organizations (including BD Biosciences cited in this review) that could potentially be perceived as unduly influential. The author has read the journal authorship agreement. The review was funded in part by the Human Placental Project (NICHD HD-16-037), and Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute and the Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center (CEDAR). Drs. Antonio Frias, Philip Streeter, and Kevin Judge, played key roles in the development of HRFC and the Frias group assisted with the creation of Figure 1 for this manuscript.
Funding Information:
The author has read the journal's policy on disclosure of potential conflicts of interest and there is no financial or personal relationship with organizations (including BD Biosciences cited in this review) that could potentially be perceived as unduly influential. The author has read the journal authorship agreement. The review was funded in part by the Human Placental Project ( NICHD HD-16-037 ), and Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute and the Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center (CEDAR). Drs. Antonio Frias, Philip Streeter, and Kevin Judge, played key roles in the development of HRFC and the Frias group assisted with the creation of Figure 1 for this manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018
PY - 2018/11
Y1 - 2018/11
N2 - Despite decades of investigation, we cannot predict, prevent, or adequately treat the most common and deadly complications of pregnancy, including pre-eclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertension). The current working hypothesis for the repeated failures of several multicenter studies that measured a wide variety of biomarkers is common pregnancy complications like pre-eclampsia are most likely heterogeneous syndromes with various etiologies; therefore, no combination of blood-based biomarkers will provide predictive power. Although the clinical syndrome of pre-eclampsia may have various causes, the current dogma is most cases share similar placental pathology, including accelerated chorionic villous maturation and an increased frequency of malperfusion-related infarctions. This pathology is thought to begin in the late first trimester of pregnancy. The challenge has been to develop an approach to monitor placental health in vivo. New contrast-enhanced imaging studies of blood flow to the placenta are providing insights, but rapid liquid-based assays using maternal blood would be more cost-effective. Recently, there has been a growing interest in placental extracellular vesicles (EVs) to determine if these complex lipid-based spheres involved in intercellular communication offer clues to the early pathophysiology of placental damage. Most EVs are nanoscale-sized exosomes (∼60–120 nm) that retain cell-specific plasma membrane surface markers. Their concentration, composition, and relative size distribution may provide clinical predictive power, but more investigation is needed. A major obstacle to advancement in this field has been the lack of EV imaging and isolation assays that can provide both cell- and size-specificity. Nanoscale multiplex high-resolution flow cytometry being developed in a number of laboratories may provide a solution. It is a potential means to quantitate both cell- and size-specific EVs from various cell sources, including the placenta.
AB - Despite decades of investigation, we cannot predict, prevent, or adequately treat the most common and deadly complications of pregnancy, including pre-eclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertension). The current working hypothesis for the repeated failures of several multicenter studies that measured a wide variety of biomarkers is common pregnancy complications like pre-eclampsia are most likely heterogeneous syndromes with various etiologies; therefore, no combination of blood-based biomarkers will provide predictive power. Although the clinical syndrome of pre-eclampsia may have various causes, the current dogma is most cases share similar placental pathology, including accelerated chorionic villous maturation and an increased frequency of malperfusion-related infarctions. This pathology is thought to begin in the late first trimester of pregnancy. The challenge has been to develop an approach to monitor placental health in vivo. New contrast-enhanced imaging studies of blood flow to the placenta are providing insights, but rapid liquid-based assays using maternal blood would be more cost-effective. Recently, there has been a growing interest in placental extracellular vesicles (EVs) to determine if these complex lipid-based spheres involved in intercellular communication offer clues to the early pathophysiology of placental damage. Most EVs are nanoscale-sized exosomes (∼60–120 nm) that retain cell-specific plasma membrane surface markers. Their concentration, composition, and relative size distribution may provide clinical predictive power, but more investigation is needed. A major obstacle to advancement in this field has been the lack of EV imaging and isolation assays that can provide both cell- and size-specificity. Nanoscale multiplex high-resolution flow cytometry being developed in a number of laboratories may provide a solution. It is a potential means to quantitate both cell- and size-specific EVs from various cell sources, including the placenta.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.08.004
DO - 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.08.004
M3 - Review article
C2 - 30176238
AN - SCOPUS:85053014726
SN - 1931-5244
VL - 201
SP - 40
EP - 48
JO - Translational Research
JF - Translational Research
ER -