@article{5f298df0ab99484e8659b297a22fd3e7,
title = "Collective efficacy: Development and validation of a measurement scale for use in public health and development programmes",
abstract = "Impact evaluations of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions have demonstrated lower than expected health gains, in some cases due to low uptake and sustained adoption of interventions at a community level. These findings represent common challenges for public health and development programmes relying on collective action. One possible explanation may be low collective efficacy (CE)—perceptions regarding a group{\textquoteright}s ability to execute actions related to a common goal. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a metric to assess factors related to CE. We conducted this research within a cluster-randomised sanitation and hygiene trial in Amhara, Ethiopia. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were carried out to examine underlying structures of CE for men and women in rural Ethiopia. We produced three CE scales: one each for men and women that allow for examinations of gender-specific mechanisms through which CE operates, and one 26-item CE scale that can be used across genders. All scales demonstrated high construct validity. CE factor scores were significantly higher for men than women, even among household-level male-female dyads. These CE scales will allow implementers to better design and target community-level interventions, and examine the role of CE in the effectiveness of community-based programming.",
keywords = "Behaviour change, Behavioural control, Collective action, Collective efficacy, Community-based interventions, Cooperative behaviour, Factor analysis, Gender, Wash",
author = "Delea, {Maryann G.} and Sclar, {Gloria D.} and Mulat Woreta and Regine Haard{\"o}rfer and Nagel, {Corey L.} and Caruso, {Bethany A.} and Robert Dreibelbis and Gobezayehu, {Abebe G.} and Clasen, {Thomas F.} and Freeman, {Matthew C.}",
note = "Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by The World Bank Group{\textquoteright}s Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF) contract number [7175829], and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant number [OPP1008048]. Funding Information: This research was funded by The World Bank Group{\textquoteright}s Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF) contract number [7175829], and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant number [OPP1008048]. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank Resom Berhe for his assistance conducting cognitive interviews, Jedidiah Snyder and Kassahun Zewudie for their assistance coordinating and supervising data collection, and Mulusew Belew for his management support. We are grateful for the support we have received from numerous partners from the Democratic Republic of Ethiopia{\textquoteright}s Federal Ministry of Health; the Amhara Regional Health Bureau; South Gondar and West Gojjam Zonal Health Departments; the Bahir Dar Zuria, Fogera, and Farta Woreda Health Offices; and the Health Extension Workers, Women{\textquoteright}s Development Arm Leaders, and Health Development Army members from our study kebeles. We would like to acknowledge and thank the cadre of field supervisors and enumerators who captured these data. Last, but certainly not least, we would like to thank our Andilaye study participants, who generously gave their time to participate in our formative work and respond to our CE survey. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",
year = "2018",
month = sep,
day = "28",
doi = "10.3390/ijerph15102139",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "15",
journal = "International journal of environmental research and public health",
issn = "1661-7827",
publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",
number = "10",
}