TY - JOUR
T1 - Determination of the optimal photoinitiator concentration in dental composites based on essential material properties
AU - Musanje, L.
AU - Ferracane, J. L.
AU - Sakaguchi, R. L.
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported in part by NIH/NIDCR grant DE07079. We would like to thank Adam Eggie and Lucas Ferracane for helping with the preparation of experimental materials, and Dr. Jeffrey W. Stansbury for reading the manuscript and offering his professional opinion.
PY - 2009/8
Y1 - 2009/8
N2 - Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of the photosensitizer (camphoroquinone, CQ) and coinitiator (ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate, EDMAB) that resulted in maximum conversion but generated minimum contraction stress in experimental composites. Methods: Experimental composites were prepared with an identical resin formulation [TEGDMA:UDMA:bis-GMA of 30.25:33.65:33.65]. Five groups of resin were prepared at varied CQ concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 wt% of the resin). Five subgroups of resin were prepared at each level of CQ concentration, by adding EDMAB at 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 wt% of the resin, resulting in 25 experimental resins. Finally, strontium glass (∼3 μm) and silica (0.04 μm) were added at 71.5 and 12.6 wt% of the composite, respectively. Samples (n = 3) were then evaluated for Knoop hardness (KHN), degree of conversion (DC), depth of cure (DoC) and contraction stress (CS). Results: There was an optimal CQ and EDMAB concentration that resulted in maximum DC and KHN, beyond which increased concentration resulted in a decline in those properties. KHN testing identified two regions of maxima with best overlaps occurring at CQ:EDMAB ratio of 1.44:0.42 and 1.05:1.65 mol%. DC evaluation showed one region of maximum, the best overlap occurring at CQ:EDMAB ratio of 2.40:0.83 mol%. DoC was 4 mm. Overall, maximum CS was attained before the system reached the maximum possible conversion and hardness. Significance: (1) Selection of optimal photoinitiator/amine concentration is critical to materials' formulation, for excessive amounts can compromise materials' properties. (2) There was no sufficient evidence to suggest that contraction stress can be reduced by lowering CQ/EDMAB concentration without compromising DC and KHN.
AB - Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of the photosensitizer (camphoroquinone, CQ) and coinitiator (ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate, EDMAB) that resulted in maximum conversion but generated minimum contraction stress in experimental composites. Methods: Experimental composites were prepared with an identical resin formulation [TEGDMA:UDMA:bis-GMA of 30.25:33.65:33.65]. Five groups of resin were prepared at varied CQ concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 wt% of the resin). Five subgroups of resin were prepared at each level of CQ concentration, by adding EDMAB at 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 wt% of the resin, resulting in 25 experimental resins. Finally, strontium glass (∼3 μm) and silica (0.04 μm) were added at 71.5 and 12.6 wt% of the composite, respectively. Samples (n = 3) were then evaluated for Knoop hardness (KHN), degree of conversion (DC), depth of cure (DoC) and contraction stress (CS). Results: There was an optimal CQ and EDMAB concentration that resulted in maximum DC and KHN, beyond which increased concentration resulted in a decline in those properties. KHN testing identified two regions of maxima with best overlaps occurring at CQ:EDMAB ratio of 1.44:0.42 and 1.05:1.65 mol%. DC evaluation showed one region of maximum, the best overlap occurring at CQ:EDMAB ratio of 2.40:0.83 mol%. DoC was 4 mm. Overall, maximum CS was attained before the system reached the maximum possible conversion and hardness. Significance: (1) Selection of optimal photoinitiator/amine concentration is critical to materials' formulation, for excessive amounts can compromise materials' properties. (2) There was no sufficient evidence to suggest that contraction stress can be reduced by lowering CQ/EDMAB concentration without compromising DC and KHN.
KW - Coinitiator
KW - Contraction stress
KW - Degree of conversion
KW - Depth of cure
KW - Knoop hardness
KW - Photosensitizer
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U2 - 10.1016/j.dental.2009.02.010
DO - 10.1016/j.dental.2009.02.010
M3 - Article
C2 - 19328539
AN - SCOPUS:67649541056
SN - 0109-5641
VL - 25
SP - 994
EP - 1000
JO - Dental Materials
JF - Dental Materials
IS - 8
ER -