TY - JOUR
T1 - Factors affecting the endothelial retention of targeted microbubbles
T2 - Influence of microbubble shell design and cell surface projection of the endothelial target molecule
AU - Khanicheh, Elham
AU - Mitterhuber, Martina
AU - Kinslechner, Katharina
AU - Xu, Lifen
AU - Lindner, Jonathan R.
AU - Kaufmann, Beat A.
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by a SCORE grant (SNF 32323B_123819/1) from the Swiss National Science Foundation (Bern, Switzerland) to Dr. Kaufmann. Dr. Lindner is supported by grants R01-HL-078610 , R01-DK-063508 , and RC1-HL-100659 from the National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, Maryland). Dr. Khanicheh is supported by an MD-PhD startup grant from University Hospital Basel .
PY - 2012/4
Y1 - 2012/4
N2 - Background: In biologic systems, the arrest of circulating cells is mediated by adhesion molecules projecting their active binding domain above the cell surface to enhance bond formation and tether strength. Similarly, molecular spacers are used for ligands on particle-based molecular imaging agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of tether length for targeting ligands on ultrasound molecular imaging agents. Methods: Microbubbles bearing biotin at the end of variable-length polyethylene glycol spacer arms (MB 2000 and MB 3400) were prepared. To assess in vivo attachment efficiency to endothelial counterligands that vary in their distance from the endothelial cell surface, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) molecular imaging of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced P-selectin (long distance) or intercellular adhesion molecule-2 (short distance) was performed with each agent in murine hind limbs. To assess the influence of the glycocalyx on microbubble attachment, CEU molecular imaging of intercellular adhesion molecule-2 was performed after degradation of the glycocalyx. Results: CEU molecular imaging targeted to P-selectin showed signal enhancement above control agent for MB 2000 and MB 3400, the degree of which was significantly higher for MB 3400 compared with MB 2000. CEU molecular imaging targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-2 showed low overall signal for all agents and signal enhancement above control for MB 3400 only. Glycocalyx degradation increased signal for MB 3400 and MB 2000. Conclusions: Microbubble targeting to endothelial ligands is influenced by (1) the tether length of the ligand, (2) the degree to which the endothelial target is projected from the cell surface, and (3) the status of the glycocalyx. These considerations are important for designing targeted imaging probes and understanding potential obstacles to molecular imaging.
AB - Background: In biologic systems, the arrest of circulating cells is mediated by adhesion molecules projecting their active binding domain above the cell surface to enhance bond formation and tether strength. Similarly, molecular spacers are used for ligands on particle-based molecular imaging agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of tether length for targeting ligands on ultrasound molecular imaging agents. Methods: Microbubbles bearing biotin at the end of variable-length polyethylene glycol spacer arms (MB 2000 and MB 3400) were prepared. To assess in vivo attachment efficiency to endothelial counterligands that vary in their distance from the endothelial cell surface, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) molecular imaging of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced P-selectin (long distance) or intercellular adhesion molecule-2 (short distance) was performed with each agent in murine hind limbs. To assess the influence of the glycocalyx on microbubble attachment, CEU molecular imaging of intercellular adhesion molecule-2 was performed after degradation of the glycocalyx. Results: CEU molecular imaging targeted to P-selectin showed signal enhancement above control agent for MB 2000 and MB 3400, the degree of which was significantly higher for MB 3400 compared with MB 2000. CEU molecular imaging targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-2 showed low overall signal for all agents and signal enhancement above control for MB 3400 only. Glycocalyx degradation increased signal for MB 3400 and MB 2000. Conclusions: Microbubble targeting to endothelial ligands is influenced by (1) the tether length of the ligand, (2) the degree to which the endothelial target is projected from the cell surface, and (3) the status of the glycocalyx. These considerations are important for designing targeted imaging probes and understanding potential obstacles to molecular imaging.
KW - Contrast ultrasound
KW - Microbubble design
KW - Microbubbles
KW - Molecular imaging
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U2 - 10.1016/j.echo.2011.12.016
DO - 10.1016/j.echo.2011.12.016
M3 - Article
C2 - 22266330
AN - SCOPUS:84862805850
SN - 0894-7317
VL - 25
SP - 460
EP - 466
JO - Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
JF - Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
IS - 4
ER -