@article{ae85bb67bf8e456393bc7ec24f251aee,
title = "Gradient nonlinearity effects on upper cervical spinal cord area measurement from 3D T1-weighted brain MRI acquisitions",
abstract = "Purpose: To explore (i) the variability of upper cervical cord area (UCCA) measurements from volumetric brain 3D T1-weighted scans related to gradient nonlinearity (GNL) and subject positioning; (ii) the effect of vendor-implemented GNL corrections; and (iii) easily applicable methods that can be used to retrospectively correct data. Methods: A multiple sclerosis patient was scanned at seven sites using 3T MRI scanners with the same 3D T1-weighted protocol without GNL-distortion correction. Two healthy subjects and a phantom were additionally scanned at a single site with varying table positions. The 2D and 3D vendor-implemented GNL-correction algorithms and retrospective methods based on (i) phantom data fit, (ii) normalization with C2 vertebral body diameters, and (iii) the Jacobian determinant of nonlinear registrations to a template were tested. Results: Depending on the positioning of the subject, GNL introduced up to 15% variability in UCCA measurements from volumetric brain T1-weighted scans when no distortion corrections were used. The 3D vendor-implemented correction methods and the three proposed methods reduced this variability to less than 3%. Conclusions: Our results raise awareness of the significant impact that GNL can have on quantitative UCCA studies, and point the way to prospectively and retrospectively managing GNL distortions in a variety of settings, including clinical environments. Magn Reson Med 79:1595–1601, 2018.",
keywords = "3D T-weighted brain MRI acquisitions, correction algorithms, gradient nonlinearity, spinal cord atrophy, upper cervical spinal cord area",
author = "{for the North American Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Cooperative(NAIMS)} and Nico Papinutto and Rohit Bakshi and Antje Bischof and Calabresi, {Peter A.} and Eduardo Caverzasi and Constable, {R. Todd} and Esha Datta and Gina Kirkish and Govind Nair and Jiwon Oh and Daniel Pelletier and Pham, {Dzung L.} and Reich, {Daniel S.} and William Rooney and Snehashis Roy and Daniel Schwartz and Shinohara, {Russell T.} and Sicotte, {Nancy L.} and Stern, {William A.} and Ian Tagge and Shahamat Tauhid and Subhash Tummala and Henry, {Roland G.}",
note = "Funding Information: The following is a full list of individuals who contributed to this NAIMS study: Brigham and Women{\textquoteright}s Hospital, Harvard Medical School (Boston, Massachusetts, USA): Rohit Bakshi, Renxin Chu, Gloria Kim, Shahamat Tauhid, Sub-hash Tummala, and Fawad Yousuf; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (Los Angeles, California, USA): Nancy L. Sicotte; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (Bethesda, Maryland, USA): Dzung Pham and Snehashis Roy; National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, Maryland, USA): Frances Andrada, Irene C.M. Cortese, Jenifer Dwyer, Rosalind Hayden, Haneefa Muhammad, Govind Nair, Joan Ohayon, Daniel S. Reich, Pascal Sati, and Chevaz Thomas; Johns Hopkins (Baltimore, Maryland, USA): Peter A. Calabresi, Sandra Cassard, and Jiwon Oh; Oregon Health and Science University (Portland, Oregon, USA): William Rooney, Daniel Schwartz, and Ian Tagge; University of California (San Francisco, California, USA): Antje Bischof, Eduardo Caverzasi, Esha Datta, Roland G. Henry, Gina Kirkish, Nico Papinutto, and William A. Stern; University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA): Russell Shinohara; University of Toronto (Toronto, Canada): Jiwon Oh; and Yale University (New Haven, Connecticut): R. Todd Constable and Daniel Pelletier. Funding Information: The following is a full list of individuals who contributed to this NAIMS study: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (Boston, Massachusetts, USA): Rohit Bakshi, Renxin Chu, Gloria Kim, Shahamat Tauhid, Subhash Tummala, and Fawad Yousuf; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (Los Angeles, California, USA): Nancy L. Sicotte; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (Bethesda, Maryland, USA): Dzung Pham and Snehashis Roy; National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, Maryland, USA): Frances Andrada, Irene C.M. Cortese, Jenifer Dwyer, Rosalind Hayden, Haneefa Muhammad, Govind Nair, Joan Ohayon, Daniel S. Reich, Pascal Sati, and Chevaz Thomas; Johns Hopkins (Baltimore, Maryland, USA): Peter A. Calabresi, Sandra Cassard, and Jiwon Oh; Oregon Health and Science University (Portland, Oregon, USA): William Rooney, Daniel Schwartz, and Ian Tagge; University of California (San Francisco, California, USA): Antje Bischof, Eduardo Caverzasi, Esha Datta, Roland G. Henry, Gina Kirkish, Nico Papinutto, and William A. Stern; University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA): Russell Shinohara; University of Toronto (Toronto, Canada): Jiwon Oh; and Yale University (New Haven, Connecticut): R. Todd Constable and Daniel Pelletier. Funding Information: Major support for this study was provided by the Race to Erase MS. Additional support came from RO1NS085211, R21NS093349, R01EB017255, and S10OD016356 from the National Institutes of Health, R01NS070906 and F31NS089260 from NINDS and RG-1507-05243 from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. The study was also partially supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the Department of Defense in the Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funding agencies. This work was presented in preliminary form at the 2017 annual meeting of the Americas Committee on Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ACTRIMS), Orlando, Florida, USA, the 2017 25th annual meeting of the ISMRM, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA and the 4th Spinal Cord MRI Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. Received 18 February 2017; revised 11 May 2017; accepted 13 May 2017 DOI 10.1002/mrm.26776 Published online 15 June 2017 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary. com). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine",
year = "2018",
month = mar,
doi = "10.1002/mrm.26776",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "79",
pages = "1595--1601",
journal = "Magnetic Resonance in Medicine",
issn = "0740-3194",
publisher = "John Wiley and Sons Inc.",
number = "3",
}