TY - JOUR
T1 - Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia in CKD
T2 - Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes
AU - Gilligan, Sarah
AU - Raphael, Kalani L.
N1 - Funding Information:
K.L.R. receives support from Career Development Award IK2 CX000537 from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Clinical Sciences Research and Development Service and National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases ( U01DK099933 ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017
PY - 2017/9/1
Y1 - 2017/9/1
N2 - Abnormalities of serum potassium are common in patients with CKD. Although hyperkalemia is a well-recognized complication of CKD, the prevalence rates of hyperkalemia (14%-20%) and hypokalemia (12%-18%) are similar. CKD severity, use of medications such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and diuretics, and dietary potassium intake are major determinants of serum potassium concentration in CKD. Demographic factors, acid-base status, blood glucose, and other comorbidities contribute as well. Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia are associated with similarly increased risks of death, cardiovascular disease, and hospitalization. On the other hand, limited evidence suggests a link between hypokalemia, but not hyperkalemia, and progression of CKD. This article reviews the prevalence rates and risk factors for hyperkalemia and hypokalemia, and their associations with adverse outcomes in CKD.
AB - Abnormalities of serum potassium are common in patients with CKD. Although hyperkalemia is a well-recognized complication of CKD, the prevalence rates of hyperkalemia (14%-20%) and hypokalemia (12%-18%) are similar. CKD severity, use of medications such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and diuretics, and dietary potassium intake are major determinants of serum potassium concentration in CKD. Demographic factors, acid-base status, blood glucose, and other comorbidities contribute as well. Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia are associated with similarly increased risks of death, cardiovascular disease, and hospitalization. On the other hand, limited evidence suggests a link between hypokalemia, but not hyperkalemia, and progression of CKD. This article reviews the prevalence rates and risk factors for hyperkalemia and hypokalemia, and their associations with adverse outcomes in CKD.
KW - Chronic kidney disease
KW - Hyperkalemia
KW - Hypokalemia
KW - Outcomes
KW - Potassium
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U2 - 10.1053/j.ackd.2017.06.004
DO - 10.1053/j.ackd.2017.06.004
M3 - Review article
C2 - 29031358
AN - SCOPUS:85037036281
SN - 1548-5595
VL - 24
SP - 315
EP - 318
JO - Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
JF - Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
IS - 5
ER -