@article{36e872c9bf7941389638871c30fa433c,
title = "Protective immunity following vaccination: How is it defined?",
abstract = "Vaccination represents an important medical breakthrough pioneered by Edward Jenner over 200 years ago when he developed the world's first vaccine against smallpox. To this day, vaccination remains the most effective means available for combating infectious disease. There are currently over 20 vaccines licensed for use within the US with many more vaccines in the R&D pipeline. Although vaccines must demonstrate clinical efficacy in order to receive FDA approval, the correlates of immunity vary remarkably between different vaccines and may be based primarily on animal studies, clinical evidence, or a combination of these sources of information. Correlates of protection are critical for measuring vaccine efficacy but researchers should know the history and limitations of these values. As vaccine technologies advance, the way in which we measure and define protective correlates may need to evolve as well. Here, we describe the correlates of protective immunity for vaccines against smallpox, tetanus, yellow fever and measles and compare these to a more recently introduced vaccine against varicella zoster virus, wherein a strict correlate of immunity has yet to be fully defined.",
keywords = "Measles, Protective immunity, Smallpox, Tetanus, Varicella zoster virus, Yellow fever",
author = "Amanna, {Ian J.} and Ilhem Messaoudi and Slifka, {Mark K.}",
note = "Funding Information: Chickenpox is caused by infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). This disease is usually self-limiting and benign but can lead to severe complications in young infants, pregnant women and immune-compromised individuals. A live attenuated vaccine against chickenpox (Varivax{\textregistered}) was approved by the FDA in 1995 and the efficacy of this vaccine was determined by comparing the rate of Acknowledgements varicella incidence in vaccinated versus unvaccinated children with This study was supported by NIH grants, AI054458 (M.K.S.), confirmed exposures. Initially, vaccine efficacy was calculated at 86%,25 but later studies showed that immunity wanes over time.26 AI063675 (M.K.S.), American federation for aging research grant Introduction of routine vaccination against chickenpox has led to a A07136 (I.M.), and Oregon National Primate Research Center dramatic decrease in VZV-related hospitalizations and deaths but the grants RR000163 (M.K.S.) and RR00163-47 (I.M.). . immunological correlate of immunity is open to debate. Similar to References smallpox and measles, human VZV does not naturally infect other in some of the western counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire, and known by the 1.Jenner E. An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae, a disease discovered immunity will likely come from complex viruses such as VZV as well as other pathogens that may require a combination of both cellular and humoral immunity in order to provide effective host defense. Under these circumstances, new correlates of immunity will need to be defined and validated. Until such correlates are demonstrated, the long-term efficacy for new vaccines, and the potential susceptibility of vaccinated populations, may in some cases remain uncertain.",
year = "2008",
month = jul,
day = "1",
doi = "10.4161/hv.4.4.5751",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "4",
pages = "316--319",
journal = "Human Vaccines",
issn = "1554-8600",
publisher = "Landes Bioscience",
number = "4",
}