Quantifying picomoles of analyte from less than 100 live bacteria: A novel method with a buffering hydrogel as an electrochemical cell

Microenvironmental changes in the chemical surrounding of bacterial cells might have a profound impact on the ecology of biofilms. However, quantifying total amount of picomoles of analyte from a miniscule number of bacteria is an analytical challenge. Here we provide a novel microliter volume hydrogel based electrochemical cell platform suitable of coulometrically measuring hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) produced by less than 100 cells of Streptococcus sanguinis, a relevant member of the healthy oral microbiome. A morpholine moiety was incorporated into the polymer structure of the hydrogel to create a controlled microenvironment at biological pH. We calculated the buffering capacity of this hydrogel as 0.257 ± 0.135 [Formula presented] over the pH range of 7.2–6.2 by using a novel method designed for buffering hydrogels. The H₂O₂ sensors coated in microliter volume of buffering hydrogel showed no change in sensitivity within the pH range of 7.0–3.0, allowing for H₂O₂ measurements of S. sanguinis independent of any acid they produce. The novel platform was able to measure down to 22.7 ± 3.5 pmol H₂O₂ produced by less than 100 bacterial cells, which would otherwise not be attainable in large solution-based assays. These findings indicate that this is a suitable platform for quantifying metabolites from sub-milligram biological samples and may even be suitable for direct analysis of raw biofilms samples with little to no sample pretreatment.